Most of the extant mtDNA boundaries in South and Southwest Asia were likely shaped during the initial settlement of Eurasia by anatomically modern humans

Table 3 Indian-specific sub-clades of mtDNA haplogroups M and R.

	DIAGNOSTIC CODING REGION MARKERS	ANCESTRAL HVS-I MOTIF	COALESCENCE (years)	ρ/nδ² ^a	COALESCENCE ^b (years)	ρ/nδ² ^a	n^c	Proportion (95% CR)
M2	477G-1780-8502	16223–16319	70,600 ± 21,000	0.02	70,100 ± 20,700	0.04	166	6.1 (5.3–7.1)
M2a	5252–8369	16223-16319-16270	48,300 ± 20,100	0.03	46,700 ± 22,800	0.06	79	2.9 (2.3–3.6)
M2b		16223-16319-16274	54,800 ± 25,000	0.02	57,600 ± 22,300	0.06	87	3.2 (2.6–3.9)
M3a	4580	16126–16223	17,300 ± 7,400	0.10	17,300 ± 7,600	0.11	62	3.0^f (2.4 – 3.8)
M4a	6620–7859	16223–16311	19,200 ± 9,000	0.23	19,100 ± 9,000	0.25	21	0.8 (0.5–1.2)
M6	3537	16223-16231-16362	33,000 ± 13,900	0.04	30,000 ± 13,600	0.08	79	2.9 (2.3–3.6)
M6a		16223-16231-16356-16362	19,100 ± 7,600	0.17	15,700 ± 8,100 ^d	0.54	37	1.4 (1.0–1.9)
M6b	5585	16188-16223-16231-16362	6,000 ± 2,100	0.73	12,100 ± 4,500	0,82	37	1.4 (1.0–1.9)
M18		16223-16318T	9,400 ± 3,200	0.31	17,100 ± 4,700	0.61	58	2.1 (1.7–2.7)
M25	15928	16223–16304	19,400 ± 7,200	0.30	22,300 ± 8,600	0.32	25	1.0^g (0.7 – 1.5)
R2^e	4216	16071	40,400 ± 14,300	0.45	52,500 ± 21,700	0.5	8	0.3 (0.2–0.6)
R5	8594	16266–16304	66,100 ± 22,000	0.04	69,800 ± 24,800	0.05	58	2.1 (1.7–2.7)
R6	-12282 AluI	16129–16362	30,000 ± 11,000	0.14	30,300 ± 11,600	0.19	35	1.3 (0.9–1.8)
Total							2719

^a Efficiency of the sample for coalescence calculation (Saillard et al. 2000)
^b Calculated without the tribal populations
^c In the Indian subcontinent (a total of 2719 mtDNAs)
^d Excluding also the scheduled cast of Mukri
^e R2 is spread also in the Near East, Central Asia and Volga basin
^f Excluding the datasets where M3* / M3a discrimination was impossible: 246 subjects from Andhra Pradesh (Bamshad et al. 1998); 382 Pushtoon, Koragas, Naga, Yerava, Pardhi, Paniya Adi, Andh, Apatani and Soligas (Cordaux et al. 2003); 35 Kota and Kurumba (Roychoudhury et al. 2001)
^g Excluding the datasets where M* / M25 discrimination was impossible: 246 subjects from Andhra Pradesh (Bamshad et al. 1998); 39 Thoti and 29 subjects from Bangladesh (Cordaux et al. 2003); 12 Muria (Roychoudhury et al. 2001)

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