Fig. 2
Q-Q plots of the estimated -log10(P) from association mapping of the four plant architecture-related traits and 100-SW. a, b, c, d, and e represent Q-Q plots for PH, NN, BN, DI and 100-SW based on the BLUP values across multiple environments, respectively. The red line bisecting the plot represents the expected P values with no associations present. The blue line represents observed P values using the GLM (PCA) model. The green line represents observed P values using the GLM (Q) model. The black line represents observed P values using the MLM (PCA + K) model. The red line represents observed P values using the MLM (Q + K) model