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Table 2 Associations of BMI, WHR, and childhood BMI genetic risk scores with infant growth (N = 2,955)a

From: Associations of genetic risk scores based on adult adiposity pathways with childhood growth and adiposity measures

Risk score (number of SNPs in risk score)

Peak weight velocityb

BMI at adiposity peakb

Age at adiposity peakb

Beta (CI 95 %)

P-value

Beta (CI 95 %)

P-value

Beta (CI 95 %)

P-value

Main risk scores*

 Adult BMI (N = 97)

0.027 (−0.004; 0.058)

0.093

0.048 (0.015; 0.081)

0.005

0.015 (−0.021; 0.051)

0.418

 Secondary risk scores

 Adult WHR (N = 47)

−0.022 (−0.054; 0.010)

0.180

−0.010 (−0.044; 0.025)

0.587

−0.016 (−0.053; 0.022)

0.411

 Child BMI (N = 15)

0.038 (0.007; 0.070)

0.018

0.039 (0.006; 0.073)

0.023

0.027 (−0.010; 0.063)

0.153

Adult BMI pathway genetic risk scores**

Neuronal

 Neuronal developmental processes (N = 29)

0.036 (0.003; 0.070)

0.031

0.049 (0.013; 0.084)

0.007

−0.020 (−0.058; 0.019)

0.311

 Neurotransmission (N = 10)

−0.009 (−0.040; 0.022)

0.558

−0.001 (−0.034; 0.032)

0.948

0.002 (−0.034; 0.038)

0.901

 Hypothalamic expression and regulation (N = 13)

0.001 (−0.030; 0.033)

0.932

0.008 (−0.025; 0.042)

0.637

0.023 (−0.013; 0.059)

0.203

 Neuronal expression (N = 12)

−0.034 (−0.065; −0.003)

0.034

−0.010 (−0.044; 0.024)

0.559

0.026 (−0.010; 0.062)

0.159

 Lipid biosynthesis and metabolism (N = 10)

0.002 (−0.030; 0.033)

0.918

0.006 (−0.028; 0.040)

0.358

0.020 (−0.017; 0.056)

0.291

 Bone development (N = 9)

0.017 (−0.014; 0.048)

0.290

0.017 (−0.017; 0.050)

0.336

0.001 (−0.035; 0.037)

0.957

Signaling

 MAPK1/extracellular signal-regulated kinases (N = 9)

0.009 (−0.022; 0.040)

0.579

0.008 (−0.025; 0.042)

0.625

0.011 (−0.025; 0.047)

0.534

 JAK (N = 2)

−0.007 (−0.038; 0.025)

0.679

−0.005 (−0.038; 0.029)

0.779

−0.006 (−0.042; 0.030)

0.750

 CyclicAMP (N = 5)

−0.020 (−0.052; 0.013)

0.233

0.019 (−0.015; 0.054)

0.368

−0.016 (−0.053; 0.021)

0.391

 WNTSignaling (N = 6)

0.033 (0.001; 0.064)

0.041

0.017 (−0.016; 0.051)

0.311

0.019 (−0.017; 0.055)

0.293

G-protein coupled receptor

 Notch signaling (N = 2)

0.010 (−0.021; 0.041)

0.531

0.009 (−0.024; 0.043)

0.581

0.012 (−0.024; 0.048)

0.508

 Mitochondrial (N = 8)

0.010 (−0.023; 0.043)

0.559

0.004 (−0.032; 0.039)

0.840

0.039 (0.001; 0.077)

0.046

 Retinoic acid receptors (N = 6)

0.019 (−0.013; 0.050)

0.245

0.025 (−0.009; 0.058)

0.144

0.019 (−0.017; 0.055)

0.308

 Endocytosis/exocytosis (N = 14)

0.004 (−0.027; 0.036)

0.778

0.005 (−0.028; 0.038)

0.776

0.007 (−0.029; 0.043)

0.699

 Eye-related (N = 5)

0.010 (−0.022; 0.042)

0.548

0.010 (−0.025; 0.045)

0.567

−0.030 (−0.067; 0.007)

0.116

 Tumorigenesis (N = 11)

0.018 (−0.015; 0.050)

0.285

0.018 (−0.017; 0.052)

0.320

−0.001 (−0.038; 0.036)

0.954

 Apoptosis (N = 13)

0.027 (−0.004; 0.059)

0.087

0.018 (−0.016; 0.052)

0.294

0.033 (−0.004; 0.069)

0.077

 Membrane proteins (N = 12)

0.057 (0.025; 0.088)

3.88*10 −4

0.048 (0.015; 0.082)

0.005

0.028 (−0.008; 0.065)

0.124

 Hormone metabolism/regulation (N = 4)

−0.009 (−0.041; 0.022)

0.564

−0.009 (−0.042; 0.025)

0.610

0.010 (−0.027; 0.046)

0.604

 Purine/pyrimidine cycle (N = 4)

0.009 (−0.022; 0.041)

0.557

0.039 (0.006; 0.073)

0.023

−0.025 (−0.061; 0.011)

0.178

 Monogenic obesity/energy homeostasis (N = 9)

−0.013 (−0.045; 0.018)

0.406

−0.014 (−0.048; 0.020)

0.413

0.026 (−0.011; 0.062)

0.168

 Immune system (N = 15)

0.045 (0.014; 0.076)

0.005

0.049 (0.015; 0.082)

0.004

−0.003 (−0.039; 0.033)

0.868

 Limb development (N = 3)

0.018 (−0.014; 0.049)

0.267

0.022 (−0.011; 0.056)

0.195

0.001 (−0.035; 0.037)

0.945

 Ubiquitin pathways (N = 6)

−0.006 (−0.038; 0.025)

0.684

0.007 (−0.027; 0.040)

0.693

−0.025 (−0.061; 0.011)

0.168

 Glucose homeostasis/diabetes (N = 11)

0.023 (−0.009; 0.054)

0.160

0.021 (−0.013; 0.055)

0.219

0.026 (−0.010; 0.063)

0.156

 Cell cycle (N = 23)

0.008 (−0.023; 0.039)

0.611

0.011 (−0.023; 0.044)

0.538

−0.001 (−0.037; 0.035)

0.959

DNARepair

 Nuclear trafficking (N = 4)

−0.015 (−0.047; 0.017)

0.362

−0.023 (−0.057; 0.011)

0.187

−0.032 (−0.068; 0.005)

0.092

 Muscle biology (N = 6)

−0.011 (−0.043; 0.020)

0.479

−0.0003 (−0.034; 0.033)

0.985

0.014 (−0.022; 0.050)

0.446

  1. * Bold font indicates P-value < 0.05. ** Bold font indicates significant after Bonferroni correction for the 28 pathways (p-value < 0.0018)
  2. aAnalyses were performed in children with complete data on genetic variants, at least one outcome under study, and covariates
  3. bValues are linear regression coefficients for models adjusted for sex and the first four genetic principal components and represent the difference in standard deviation scores of the outcome measures for each additional average risk allele in the risk scores