Table 1 Demographic and clinical characteristics of study samples

Sociodemographic factors

Male

108 (49.8)

170 (47.6)

0.617

Age at enrollment (years)

62.9 × 9.1

62.6 × 9.2

0.673

Diabetes-related variables

Age at onset of type 2 diabetes (years)

51.8 × 9.4

52.4 × 9.1

0.463

Durations of diabetes (years)

11.1 × 7.7

10.2 × 7.2

0.154

HbA1c at enrollment (%)

8.2 × 1.7

7.9 × 1.4

0.043

BMI (kg/m²)

26.0 × 3.9

24.7 × 3.5

< 0.001

Lifestyle behaviors

Regular exercise

123 (56.7)

260 (72.8)

< 0.001

Smoking status

0.926

Ever

33 (15.2)

52 (14.6)

Yes

36 (16.6)

56 (15.7)

Alcohol drinking

0.032

Ever

20 (9.2)

14 (3.9)

Yes

34 (15.7)

63 (17.7)

Biochemical variables

Triglycerides (mg/dL)^a

156.8 × 1.8

131.1 × 1.8

< 0.001

Total cholesterol (mg/dL)

192.8 × 53.8

185.9 × 37.2

0.099

HDL-C (mg/dL)

47.0 × 13.9

49.4 × 13.7

0.042

LDL-C (mg/dL)

118.1 × 42.2

117.5 × 33.3

0.856

Creatinine (mg/dL)

1.4 × 1.1

0.7 × 0.2

< 0.001

Uric Acid (mg/dL)

7.4 × 1.9

5.9 × 1.4

< 0.001

BUN (mg/dL)

24.9 × 12.7

15.4 × 4.0

< 0.001

Proteinuria

125 (57.9)

0 (0.0)

< 0.001

eGFR <60 ml/min/1.73 m²

149 (68.7)

0 (0.0)

< 0.001

History of diseases

Hypertension

140 (64.5)

156 (43.7)

< 0.001

Heart disease

67 (30.9)

64 (17.9)

< 0.001

Stroke

17 (7.8)

15 (4.2)

0.066

Diabetic retinopathy

41 (18.9)

41 (11.5)

0.014

Diabetic foot

9 (4.2)

5 (1.4)

0.039