Figure 1

Hmong populations are consistently and reliably distinguished from all others in STRUCTURE analyses using a small number of either dinucleotide or tetranucleotide markers while for other populations successful assignment of individuals varies with marker type. In (a) and (b) Chinese, Hmong, and Thai samples were assigned by STRUCTURE to 2 or 3 populations respectively. In (c) and (d) European-American (EA), African-American (AA), Chinese, Hmong and Thai samples were assigned to 4 or 5 populations respectively. Finally, tetranucleotide markers (e) are less useful for differentiating among EA, AA, Thai and Chinese populations than dinucleotide markers (f & g). These plots were produced using the STRUCTURE software; each individual is represented by a vertical line depicting the estimated percent assignment of the individual into K assumed populations. Each assumed population is represented by one color. Vertical black lines separate individuals by self-reported ancestral population.