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Table 1 Expected covariances for X-linked traitsa

From: X chromosome effects and their interactions with mitochondrial effects

Relationship type

Generalb,c

Dosage compensation

Male-male

P1σ2Xm

2P1σ2Xf

Female-female

2φσ2Xf

2φσ2Xf

Male-female

(1/√2)P1σXmσXf

P1σ2Xf

  1. aExpected additive genetic covariances due to the X chromosome without and with assumption of dosage compensation [4].
  2. bP1 and P2, the respective probabilities that one and two alleles are shared IBD.
  3. cφ, the autosomal (i.e., diploid) kinship coefficient = P1/4 + P2/2.