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Table 1 Overview of the 12 examined VKORC1 variants detected in mice and rats

From: Confirmation of warfarin resistance of naturally occurring VKORC1 variants by coexpression with coagulation factor IX and in silico protein modelling

Mutation

Species/ref.

2D, 3D prediction

3D modelling

Arg12Trp

Mus musculus, Mus spretus[15, 18]

2D: tendency to random coil

3D: clash of side chain

Ser56Pro

Rattus norvegicus[14]

2D: tendency to random coil

3D: clash of side chain, less hydrogen bonds

Trp59Arg

Rattus spec.[15, 19]

2D: tendency to random coil

3D: change of side chain for ligand

Arg61Leu

Mus musculus, Mus spretus[15, 18]

2D: tendency to beta strand

3D: no important differences

Phe63Cys

Rattus spec.[15, 19]

2D: tendency to beta strand

3D: clash of side chain

Glu67Lys

Rattus spec.[15, 19]

2D, 3D: no important differences

Leu120Gln

Rattus norvegicus[14]

2D: conversion of helix to beta strand

3D: missing side chain for ligand binding

Leu128Gln

Rattus spec.[14, 15, 19]

2D: partial conversion of helix to beta strand

3D: no differences, interaction with ligand?

Leu128Ser

Mus musculus[14, 15]

2D: partial conversion of helix to beta strand

3D: no differences, interaction with ligand?

Tyr139Cys

Rattus spec., Mus musculus[14, 15, 19]

2D: tendency to beta strand

3D: no differences, interaction with ligand?

Tyr139Phe

Rattus spec.[14, 15, 19]

2D, 3D: no differences, interaction with ligand?

Tyr139Ser

Rattus spec.[14, 15, 19]

2D: tendency to random coil

3D: no differences, interaction with ligand?

  1. Results of two- and three-dimensional protein structure predictions are given in the third column. Pictures of 3D modelling based on human VKORC1 protein sequence and the bacterial VKOR structure show the protein parts comprising the respective substitutions. The wild-type protein is displayed in beige, the mutated protein is overlaid in light blue, side chain clashes are highlighted in red.