Development of SNP markers for genes of the phenylpropanoid pathway and their association to kernel and malting traits in barley

Table 9 Significant marker trait associations between SNPs and selected kernel and malting quality parameters detected in a set of 190 European barley cultivars for following candidate genes of the phenylpropanoid pathway: phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), cinnamate 4-hydroxylase (C4H), flavanone 3-hydroxylase (F3H) and dihydroflavonol reductase (DFR)

Marker	Trait	Unit	MLM_PCA			MLM_QK			GLM_Q
			P	R²Model	R²Marker	P	R²Model	R²Marker	P	R²Model	R²Marker
PAL_SNP1	KY	dt/ha	0.041*	0.643	0.018	0.007**	0.709	0.022	0.002**¹	0.597	0.039
PAL_SNP3	KF	1-9	0.006**	0.373	0.043	0.015*	0.358	0.031	0.009**	0.356	0.036
	Glass	%	0.000***¹	0.499	0.132	0.000***¹	0.563	0.079	0.000***¹	0.271	0.147
PAL_SNP4 + PAL_SNP5	KF	1-9	0.006**	0.378	0.042	0.016*	0.363	0.030	0.009**	0.361	0.034
	Glass	%	0.000***¹	0.499	0.132	0.000***¹	0.562	0.079	0.000***¹	0.271	0.147
C4H_SNP1	KY	dt/ha	0.047*	0.677	0.016	0.010**	0.746	0.018	0.003**	0.645	0.034
C4H_SNP2	Visc	mPas	0.026*	0.680	0.018	0.000***¹	0.703	0.048	0.000***¹	0.519	0.068
C4H_SNP4	Visc	mPas	0.032*	0.670	0.018	0.000***¹	0.694	0.050	0.000***¹	0.503	0.071
CHS_GM287_SNP1	Visc	mPas	0.001***²	0.702	0.041	0.000***²	0.726	0.071	0.000***²	0.576	0.125
F3H1_SNP38 + F3H_GM022_SNP1	K_RP	%	0.002**	0.601	0.027	0.014*	0.592	0.015	0.010*	0.561	0.018
	KY	dt/ha	0.038*	0.645	0.018	0.039*	0.700	0.013	0.048*	0.575	0.017
F3H_GM022_SNP2	K_RP	%	0.001***³	0.606	0.031	0.004**	0.598	0.021	0.003**	0.568	0.024
	KY	dt/ha	0.038*	0.645	0.018	0.022*	0.703	0.016	0.024*	0.580	0.022
F3H_GM022_SNP3	K_RP	%	0.024*	0.586	0.015	0.004**	0.594	0.021	0.003**	0.564	0.024
DFR_SNP4	Brab	HE	0.013*	0.563	0.042	0.010*	0.481	0.044	0.005**	0.183	0.086

Three different statistical models were considered: 1. Mixed linear model (MLM) with principal component analysis (PCA). 2. MLM with kinship (K), 3. General linear model (GLM) considering population structure, significant at *P ≤ 0.05, **P ≤ 0.01, ***P ≤ 0.001 or after Bonferroni correction with ¹P < 0.0025, ²P < 0.01, ³P < 0.0014. Trait abbreviations are: KY = kernel yield [dt/ha], KF = kernel formation [1–9], K_RP = kernel raw protein [%], Brab= brabender, Glass = glassiness, Visc = viscosity [mPas].

ISSN: 2730-6844